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Cloud computing refers to the delivery of on-demand computing resources over the internet. It involves providing access to computing power, storage, databases, and other services on a pay-as-you-go basis, eliminating the need for organizations to manage their physical infrastructure. The term "cloud" is used as a metaphor for the internet, representing the abstraction and remote availability of resources.

The concept of cloud computing has evolved, but its roots can be traced back to the 1950s with the emergence of mainframe computing. However, the term "cloud computing" gained widespread recognition in the early 2000s. Here is a brief overview of the history of cloud computing:

1. Early Origins: The concept of time-sharing, where multiple users share access to a mainframe computer, can be considered an early precursor to cloud computing. This concept emerged in the 1950s and was further developed in the 1960s and 1970s.

2. Utility Computing: In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the idea of utility computing gained traction. It involved providing computing resources as a utility, similar to other utilities such as electricity or water. Companies like Salesforce: The Customer Company (http://Salesforce.com) and Amazon Web Services (AWS) pioneered utility-based models for delivering software applications and infrastructure.

3. Amazon Web Services (AWS): AWS, launched by Amazon.com. Spend less. Smile more. (http://Amazon.com) in 2006, played a significant role in popularizing cloud computing. It offered scalable and flexible infrastructure services, including computing power, storage, and databases, through its Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) and Simple Storage Service (S3).

4. Cloud Service Providers: Following AWS's success, various other cloud service providers emerged, including Microsoft Azure, Google Cloud Platform, and IBM Cloud. These providers offered a range of cloud services and became instrumental in driving the adoption of cloud computing.

5. Types of Cloud Services: Cloud computing evolved to encompass three main service models: Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Software as a Service (SaaS). These models allowed organizations to leverage cloud resources for building, deploying, and managing their applications without the need for extensive infrastructure investments.

6. Advancements and Adoption: Over time, cloud computing continued to evolve with advancements in virtualization, containerization, serverless computing, and artificial intelligence. The scalability, cost-efficiency, and agility of cloud computing attracted businesses of all sizes, leading to widespread adoption across various industries.

References:

* Mell, P., & Grance, T. (2011). The NIST Definition of Cloud Computing. National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/SP/nistspecialpublication800-145.pdf

* Armbrust, M., et al. (2010). A View of Cloud Computing. Communications of the ACM, 53(4), 50-58. https://cacm.acm.org/magazines/2010/4/81493-a-view-of-cloud-computing/fulltext